Body ‘n Diet is from German Based company ironmaxx.de. This product claims that it can act as a meal replacement and help to lose weight. This review will examine the ingredients in this product to understand if it can achieve the claims.

Milk / Soy / Whey protein isolate

Whey, soy and milk protein helps aid muscle protein synthesis when combined with resistance training (1, 2). Other key features include increasing muscle mass (3), an increase in lean body mass (4) and greater recovery from exercise (5). Longer periods of supplementation have shown greater gains in fat free mass (6).

Muscle protein synthesis is increased due to high concentration of Leucine (BCAA) which is a signalling molecule needed to increase muscle protein synthesis (7). Consumption of whey protein helps increase muscle mass due to a greater amount of peripheral nitrogen retention whereas soy protein has been found to have a greater effect on splanchnic protein synthesis (8).

The reason for greater recovery of exercise can be due to a post exercise insulin response (9, 10) which means glycogen resynthesis occurs rapidly so exercise can be prolonged, with greater training volume increased hypertrophy and decreased muscle damage.

L-glutamine

Glutamine is a naturally non-essential neutral amino acid that helps with the transport of nitrogen between tissues. Heavy exercise has shown a reduction of glutamine in the blood (11). The amount of glutamine in the muscle is known to be related to the rate of protein synthesis (12) and glycogen synthesis (13) in the first few hours of recovery period of exercise.

L-arginine

L-arginine is an amino acid which helps synthesis nitric oxide (14), this in turn helps lower blood pressure (15) and coronary heart disease (16).

L-isoleucine / leucine /L-valine

Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are all Branched chain amino acids (BCAA’s). They are essential for protein synthesis which is stimulated after exhaustive exercise (17) as well as the critical metabolic process in muscle (18, 19). The metabolic roles of Leucine include energy production and the modulator of muscle protein synthesis via the insulin signalling pathway. There is a reason to suggest that it helps maintenance of muscle mass during weight loss (20). Leucine has also been shown to help in the direct maintenance of glucose homeostasis by improving the redistribution of glucose via the glucose – alanine cycle (21).

Dextrin

Dextrin is a polysaccharide which is a complex carbohydrate. This ingredient is water soluble and unlike other carbohydrates, is easily digestible (22) and can give a quick release of energy without any spikes of glycaemia (23).

CLA fat powder

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) has been shown to have weight loss properties (24); there are several reasons for this which includes an increase in energy metabolism (25), insulin resistance (26), stimulation of lipolysis, which is due to an impaired signalling which reduces triglyceride synthesis and releases free fatty acid which normally occurs when energy demand rises (27). Other mechanisms include a suppression of appetite (28), induced adipocyte apoptosis which decreases body fat mass and increased energy expenditure (29).  

Beetroot juice powder

Beetroot juice powder is a different form of beetroot juice which are dried and processed to form concentrated powder. Beetroot juice includes nitrate (30) which converts into nitric oxide which can increase blood flow in the muscle (31). Another suggested mechanism is that nitric oxide acts as an electric transporter within the muscle which aids in the same way oxygen does (32). Other effects include a lower oxygen demand during submaximal work (33). It is also known to be an antioxidant (34).

L-carnitine

L-Carnitine is a dipeptide made from the essential amino acids lysine and methionine. L-Carnitine plays an important role in fat metabolism by allowing long chained fatty acids to pass through the mitochondrial membrane (35, 36).

Tartrate

L-tartrate is a form of L-carnitine. L-Carnitine is a dipeptide made from the essential amino acids lysine and methionine. L-Carnitine plays an important role in fat metabolism by allowing long chained fatty acids to pass through the mitochondrial membrane (37, 38).

Xanthan gum

Xanthan Gum are water soluble dietary fibres, which have been reported to reduce total cholesterol; however there seems to be insufficient evidence to confirm this theory. (39)

Magnesium carbonate

Magnesium has been found to be used for 300 biochemical reactions in the body (40). It has been found to maintain muscle function (41), supports a healthy immune system (42), keeps the heart beat steady (43), and helps strengthen bones (44). It has also been found to maintain blood glucose levels (45) and aid in the production of energy and protein.

iron (II) sulfate

Ferrous fumarate is also known as iron sulphate, common uses for this ingredient are for people with an iron deficiency. Iron levels have been found to decline due to exercise (46) with findings showing that replacing iron can help with fatigue (47).

Zinc sulfate

Zinc has been identified as a factor for many enzymes responsible for the synthesis, storage and release of insulin (48), with increases in lean body mass while fat mass either remains stable or decreases, depending on the degree of baseline zinc deficiency (49). With this evidence is has been shown that this ingredient is important for the growth and development of body tissues as well as this a variety of biological processes including wound healing and muscle cramps (50) have been found.

Manganese (II) gluconate

Manganese Aspartate is a mineral that has been found to activate enzymes that are vital for such other ingredients including Biotin, Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid (51). Manganese Aspartate has also been found to help synthesis fatty acid and cholesterol (52), whilst playing a key role in skeletal maintenance however more research is needed to fully elucidate these effects.

Copper (II) gluconate

copper gluconate has been suggested to contribute to the formation of red blood cells, healthy contribution to the growth and development of bones and organs as well as a participation in cholesterol and glucose metabolism (53). However although there has been evidence for this it is debated and others have found no change when administering copper gluconate compared to a placebo in healthy individuals (54, 55).

Potassium iodate

Potassium iodide is known as a thyroid mineral (56) as it keeps iodine levels regulated in the thyroid (57). To date there is no research examining the effects of potassium iodide on athletic performance.

sodium selenite

Sodium selenite or otherwise known as selenium is a chemical element that is best known for its antioxidant properties as it is the component of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (58). Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the thyroid gland and in every cell that uses thyroid hormone (59). The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones.

lactic acid bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria is a probiotic. The health benefits of this ingredient includes regulating bowel movement which prevents diarrhea, lowering cholesterol and gives a boost to the immune system (60).

Omega-3 fatty powder

Omega 3 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid which include numerous health benefits such as lowering blood pressure (61), lowering cholesterol (62) and also plays a role in reducing oxidative stress which leads to reducing cardiovascular disease (63).

Honey powder

Honey powder does not have any nutritional benefits and is used in supplements as a thickener and for flavouring.

Yogurt powder

Yogurt powder does not have any nutritional benefits and is used in supplements as a thickener and for flavouring.

MCT fat powder

MCT is known as medium chain triglyceride. It has been suggested that it can aid fat burning which will help weight loss (64), however this has been disputed (65) and more research is needed to fully elucidate these findings.

Inulin

Inulin is a polysaccharide which is a complex carbohydrate. This ingredient is water soluble and unlike other carbohydrates, is easily digestible (66) and can give a quick release of energy without any spikes of glycaemia (67).

L-ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid or vitamin C is known to be a powerful antioxidant (68). Studies have suggested that it can increase endothelial nitric oxide by protecting it from oxidation and increase synthesis, another function that Vitamin C has suggested includes reducing blood pressure (69), however the only proven function of vitamin C is the prevention of scurvy (70)

Tocopheryl acetate

tocopheryl acetate is otherwise known as vitamin E and is an antioxidant (71). This means that it protects the muscles from free radicals, which causes muscle soreness and damage to the muscle tissue and fat cells (72). Dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate can counteract these free radicals before damaging these parts of the body which can allow exercise to be prolonged (73).

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide is also known as niacin or vitamin B3 and in an antioxidant. Research studies have shown that niacin supplementation increases growth hormones in response to anaerobic exercise (74) as well as a reduction in fasting triglycerides (75). An increase in fasting insulin has been found due to a decrease in insulin sensitivity (76). Further research is needed for this supplement in order to understand the mechanisms.

Retinyl acetate

Retinyl acetate is the natural form of Vitamin A. Vitamin A is a diverse vitamin that has a wide range of functions. Vision improvement is one positive aspect of vitamin A supplementation (77), Another is bone and body growth which can be improved (78). Immune function is boosted by an increase of white blood cells which can destroy harmful bacteria (79). Epithelial cells require Vitamin A in order to function properly, these cells serve as barriers to infection by bacteria and other sources (80).

Calcium D-pantothenate

Calcium D-pantothenate (pantothenic acid) is otherwise known as vitamin B5 and is water soluble. This ingredient helps keep a healthy digestive tract (81) and uses vitamin B2 (82). Pantothenic acid has pantethine which has been found to lower cholesterol (83).

Cyanocobalamin

Cyanocobalamin is also known as Vitamin B12. Research studies on vitamin B12 have found that it is required for red blood cell production (84), protein synthesis and the repair and maintenance of tissue cells (85).

Pyridoxine hydrochloride

Pyridoxine hydrochloride is a form of Vitamin B6. The active form of vitamin B6 is known as P-L-P (86), which is stimulated by exercise (87). During exercise the body relies on the liver to produce glucose via glycogenolysis, for which vitamin b6 is essential for, and is an integral part of the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme and thus will provide energy to the bodies’ muscles (88).

Riboflavin

Riboflavin is a nutrient that has been found to help in fat metabolism via the electron-transport chain (89) and an antioxidant (90). It is also one of many nutrients that helps in the production of red blood cells. Levels of riboflavin has been found to diminish during exhaustive exercise (91).

Thiamine mononitrate

Thiamine is also known as vitamin B1 (92) and is essential in carbohydrate metabolism and oxidation (93). The reported effect that have been found includes, a decrease in heart rate, blood glucose and lactate concentrations (94).

Folic acid

Folic acid is also known as folate is a water soluble mineral that, along with other nutrients is necessary for red blood cell production (95). It can also help regulate nitric oxide levels in the blood (96).

Biotin

Biotin can also be know as vitamin B7 or Vitamin H. it has been found that it can contribute to metabolism and cell development (97) as well as providing energy during exercise (98).

Cholecalciferol

Cholecalciferol is a form of Vitamin D and helps with the absorption of calcium in the stomach (99). Calcium is a vital part of dietary consumption in order to aid growth and maintenance of bones (100). Other important benefits of calcium include helping blood clotting (101), heart contractions (102), lungs (103) and muscles to function properly (104), this is due to calcium binding with phosphate to create calcium phosphate (105).

Sucralose

Sucralose is a sweetener that is calorie free. This ingredient is used in many products and is used to make the product taste sweeter and does not have any nutritional benefit.  

Citric acid

The main function of citric acid is the reduction of physical fatigue (106). The reason for this is due to citric acid being a major component of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. TCA cycle is the process of converting carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water (107). By increasing citric acid it activates the TCA cycle and in turn speeds up ATP production thus replenishing energy.

Beta carotene

Beta Carotene is a red / orange pigment that is derived from root vegetables such as carrots. Beta Carotene has been found to convert into Vitamin A (108). Vitamin A is a diverse vitamin that has a wide range of functions. Vision improvement is one positive aspect of vitamin A supplementation (109), another is bone and body growth which can be improved (110). Immune function is boosted by an increase in white blood cells which can destroy harmful bacteria (111). Epithelial cells require Vitamin A in order to function properly, these cells serve as barriers to infection by bacteria and other sources (112). An advantage of Beta Carotene is that the body only converts as much as is required.  

With the plethora of ingredients that this supplement product has it can achieve not only weight loss, but muscle gain, with the inclusion of whey, soy and egg protein as well as an antioxidant with the wide variety of vitamins. This product is not recommended as a meal substitute. It is recommended to be taken at any time during the day. This product has no banned substances when referring to the WADA prohibited list when observing the label / ingredients posted on the website.

*NOTE – This product has not been tested in a laboratory and may contain other substances that may not appear on the label

1 – Coker, R. H., Miller, S., Schutzler, S., Deutz, N., & Wolfe, R. R. (2012). Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. Nutr J, 11(1), 105.

2 – Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Review Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein.

3 – Pasiakos, S. M., McLellan, T. M., & Lieberman, H. R. (2015). The effects of protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic and anaerobic power in healthy adults: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 111-131.

4 – Volek, J. S., Volk, B. M., Gómez, A. L., Kunces, L. J., Kupchak, B. R., Freidenreich, D. J., … & Kraemer, W. J. (2013). Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 32(2), 122-135.

5 – Hansen, M., Bangsbo, J., Jensen, J., Bibby, B. M., & Madsen, K. (2014). Effect of Whey Protein Hydrolysate on Performance and Recovery of Top-Class Orienteering Runners. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism.

6 – Hartman, J. W., Tang, J. E., Wilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Lawrence, R. L., Fullerton, A. V., & Phillips, S. M. (2007). Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 86(2), 373-381.

7- Atherton, P. J., Smith, K., Etheridge, T., Rankin, D., & Rennie, M. J. (2010). Distinct anabolic signalling responses to amino acids in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Amino acids, 38(5), 1533-1539.

8 – Fouillet, H., Mariotti, F., Gaudichon, C., Bos, C., & Tomé, D. (2002). Peripheral and splanchnic metabolism of dietary nitrogen are differently affected by the protein source in humans as assessed by compartmental modeling. The Journal of nutrition, 132(1), 125-133.

9- Hulmi, J. J., Volek, J. S., Selänne, H. A. R. R. I., & Mero, A. A. (2005). Protein ingestion prior to strength exercise affects blood hormones and metabolism. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37(11), 1990-1997.

10 – Power, O., Hallihan, A., & Jakeman, P. (2009). Human insulinotropic response to oral ingestion of native and hydrolysed whey protein. Amino acids, 37(2), 333-339.

11 – Parry-Billings, M., Budgett, R., Koutedakis, Y., Blomstrand, E., Brooks, S.., Williams, C.,  & Newsholme, E. A. (1992). Plasma amino acid concentrations in the overtraining syndrome: possible effects on the immune system. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(12), 1353-1358.

12 – Rennie, M. J., Edwards, R. H. T., Krywawych, S., Davies, C. T., Halliday, D., Waterlow, J. C., & Millward, D. J. (1981). Effect of exercise on protein turnover in man. Clin Sci, 61(5), 627-639.

13 – Bowtell, J. L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M. L., Patel, A., Simeoni, M., & Rennie, M. J. (1999). Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(6), 1770-1777.

14 – Palmer, R. M., Ashton, D. S., & Moncada, S. (1988). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature, 333(6174), 664-666.

15 – Rees, D. D., Palmer, R. M., & Moncada, S. (1989). Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 86(9), 3375-3378.

16 – Riddell, D. R., Graham, A., & Owen, J. S. (1997). Apolipoprotein E inhibits platelet aggregation through the l-arginine: nitric oxide pathway Implications for vascular disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272(1), 89-95.

17 – Coker, R. H., Miller, S., Schutzler, S., Deutz, N., & Wolfe, R. R. (2012). Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. Nutr J, 11(1), 105.

18 – Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Review Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein.

19 – Pasiakos, S. M., McLellan, T. M., & Lieberman, H. R. (2015). The effects of protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic and anaerobic power in healthy adults: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 111-131.

20 – Volek, J. S., Volk, B. M., Gómez, A. L., Kunces, L. J., Kupchak, B. R., Freidenreich, D. J., … & Kraemer, W. J. (2013). Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 32(2), 122-135.

21 – Hansen, M., Bangsbo, J., Jensen, J., Bibby, B. M., & Madsen, K. (2014). Effect of Whey Protein Hydrolysate on Performance and Recovery of Top-Class Orienteering Runners. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism.

22 – Haralampu, S. G. (2000). Resistant starch—a review of the physical properties and biological impact of RS< sub> 3</sub>. Carbohydrate polymers, 41(3), 285-292.

23 – Roberts, M., Lockwood, C., Dalbo, V. J., Tucker, P., Frye, A., Polk, R., … & Kerksick, C. (2009). Ingestion of a high molecular weight modified waxy maize starch alters metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in trained cyclists. In FASEB abstract.

24 – Blankson, H., Stakkestad, J. A., Fagertun, H., Thom, E., Wadstein, J., & Gudmundsen, O. (2000). Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. The Journal of nutrition, 130(12), 2943-2948.

25 – House, R. L., Cassady, J. P., Eisen, E. J., McIntosh, M. K., & Odle, J. (2005). Conjugated linoleic acid evokes de‐lipidation through the regulation of genes controlling lipid metabolism in adipose and liver tissue. obesity reviews, 6(3), 247-258.

26 – Chung, S., Brown, J. M., Provo, J. N., Hopkins, R., & McIntosh, M. K. (2005). Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFκB-dependent cytokine production. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(46), 38445-38456.

27 – Evans, M., Lin, X., Odle, J., & McIntosh, M. (2002). Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The Journal of nutrition, 132(3), 450-455.

28 – Medina, E. A., Horn, W. F., Keim, N. L., Havel, P. J., Benito, P., Kelley, D. S., … & Erickson, K. L. (2000). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids, 35(7), 783-788.

29 – Zambell, K. L., Keim, N. L., Van Loan, M. D., Gale, B., Benito, P., Kelley, D. S., & Nelson, G. J. (2000). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids, 35(7), 777-782.

30 – Lansley, K. E., Winyard, P. G., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., … & Jones, A. M. (2011). Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of walking and running: a placebo-controlled study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(3), 591-600.

31 – Larsen, F. J., Ekblom, B., Sahlin, K., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2006). Effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure in healthy volunteers. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(26), 2792-2793.

32 – Cermak, N. M., Gibala, M. J., & van Loon, L. J. (2012). Nitrate supplementation’s improvement of 10-km time-trial performance in trained cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition andExercise Metabolism, 22(1), 64.

33 – Larsen, F. J., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J. O., & Ekblom, B. (2010). Dietary nitrate reduces maximal oxygen consumption while maintaining work performance in maximal exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 48(2), 342-347.

34 – Wootton-Beard, P. C., & Ryan, L. (2011). A beetroot juice shot is a significant and convenient source of bioaccessible antioxidants. Journal of functional foods, 3(4), 329-334.

35 – Siliprandi, N., Sartorelli, L., Ciman, M., & Di Lisa, F. (1989). Carnitine: metabolism and clinical chemistry. Clinica Chimica Acta, 183(1), 3-11.

36 – Müller, D.M., Seim, H., Kiess, W., Löster, H. & Richter, T. (2002) Effects of Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on In Vivo Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation in Healthy Adults Metabolism, Volume 51, issue 11, (pp. 1389-1391).

37 – Siliprandi, N., Sartorelli, L., Ciman, M., & Di Lisa, F. (1989). Carnitine: metabolism and clinical chemistry. Clinica Chimica Acta, 183(1), 3-11.

38 – Müller, D.M., Seim, H., Kiess, W., Löster, H. & Richter, T. (2002) Effects of Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on In Vivo Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation in Healthy Adults Metabolism, Volume 51, issue 11, (pp. 1389-1391)

39 – Jensen, C. D., Spiller, G. A., Gates, J. E., Miller, A. F., & Whittam, J. H. (1993). The effect of acacia gum and a water-soluble dietary fiber mixture on blood lipids in humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 12(2), 147-154.

40 – Ryan, M. F. (1991). The role of magnesium in clinical biochemistry: an overview.Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: An international journal of biochemistry in medicine, 28(1), 19-26.

41 – Dørup, I., Skajaa, K., Clausen, T., & Kjeldsen, K. (1988). Reduced concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diuretics. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 296(6620), 455.

42 – Tam, M., Gomez, S., Gonzalez-Gross, M., & Marcos, A. (2003). Possible roles of magnesium on the immune system. European journal of clinical nutrition,57(10), 1193-1197.

43 – White, R. E., & Hartzell, H. C. (1989). Magnesium ions in cardiac function: regulator of ion channels and second messengers. Biochemical pharmacology,38(6), 859-867.

44 – Okuma, T. (2001). Magnesium and bone strength. Nutrition, 17(7), 679-680.

45 – Paolisso, G., Scheen, A., d’Onofrio, F., & Lefèbvre, P. (1990). Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia, 33(9), 511-514.

46 – Weaver, C. M., & Rajaram, S. (1992). Exercise and iron status. The Journal of nutrition, 122(3 Suppl), 782-787.

47 – Brutsaert, T. D., Hernandez-Cordero, S., Rivera, J., Viola, T., Hughes, G., & Haas, J. D. (2003). Iron supplementation improves progressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensor exercise in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 77(2), 441-448.

48 – Hashemipour, M., Kelishadi, R., Shapouri, J., Sarrafzadegan, N., Amini, M., Tavakoli, N., … & Poursafa, P. (2009). Effect of zinc supplementation on insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in prepubertal obese children. Hormones (Athens), 8(4), 279-285.

49 – Prasad, A. S. (1991). Discovery of human zinc deficiency and studies in an experimental human model. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 53(2), 403-412.

50 – Kugelmas, M. (2000). Preliminary observation: oral zinc sulfate replacement is effective in treating muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(1), 13-15.

51 – Kubicek, C. P., & Röhr, M. (1977). Influence of manganese on enzyme synthesis and citric acid accumulation inAspergillus niger. European journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology, 4(3), 167-175.

52 – Majerus, P. W., & Vagelos, P. R. (1967). Fatty acid biosynthesis and the role of the acyl carrier protein. Adv. Lipid Res, 5, 1-33.

53 – Amestica, L., & SA, C. A. COPPER IN HUMANS

54 – Baker, A., Turley, E., Bonham, M. P., O’Connor, J. M., Strain, J. J., Flynn, A., & Cashman, K. D. (1999). No effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adults. British Journal of Nutrition,82(04), 283-290..

55 – Pratt, W. B., Omdahl, J. L., & Sorenson, J. R. (1985). Lack of effects of copper gluconate supplementation. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 42(4), 681-682.

56 – Marine, D. (1935). The physiology and principal interrelations of the thyroid.Journal of the American Medical Association, 104(25), 2250-2255.

57 – Cavalieri, R. R. (1997). Iodine metabolism and thyroid physiology: current concepts. Thyroid, 7(2), 177-181.

58 – Battin, E. E., Perron, N. R., & Brumaghim, J. L. (2006). The central role of metal coordination in selenium antioxidant activity. Inorganic chemistry, 45(2), 499-501.

59 – Kohrle, J., Jakob, F., Contempre, B., & Dumont, J. E. (2005). Selenium, the thyroid, and the endocrine system. Endocrine reviews, 26(7), 944-984.

60 – Masood, M. I., Qadir, M. I., Shirazi, J. H., & Khan, I. U. (2011). Beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria on human beings. Critical reviews in microbiology,37(1), 91-98.

61 – Hoshi, T., Wissuwa, B., Tian, Y., Tajima, N., Xu, R., Bauer, M., … & Hou, S. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids lower blood pressure by directly activating large-conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(12), 4816-4821.

62 – Savinova, O. V., Fillaus, K., Harris, W. S., & Shearer, G. C. (2015). Effects of niacin and omega-3 fatty acids on the apolipoproteins in overweight patients with elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis,240(2), 520-525.

63 –  Rangel-Huerta, O. D., Aguilera, C. M., Mesa, M. D., & Gil, A. (2012). Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory biomakers: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(S2), S159-S170.

64 – Clegg, M. E. (2010). Medium-chain triglycerides are advantageous in promoting weight loss although not beneficial to exercise performance. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 61(7), 653-679.

65 – Goedecke, J. H., Clark, V. R., Noakes, T. D., & Lambert, E. V. (2005). The effects of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion on ultra-endurance exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 15(1), 15-27.

66 – Holscher, H. D., Doligale, J. L., Bauer, L. L., Gourineni, V., Pelkman, C. L., Fahey, G. C., & Swanson, K. S. (2014). Gastrointestinal tolerance and utilization of agave inulin by healthy adults. Food & function, 5(6), 1142-1149.

67 – Harrold, J. A., Hughes, G. M., O’Shiel, K., Quinn, E., Boyland, E. J., Williams, N. J., & Halford, J. C. G. (2013). Acute effects of a herb extract formulation and inulin fibre on appetite, energy intake and food choice. Appetite, 62, 84-90.

68 – Kalt, W., Forney, C. F., Martin, A., & Prior, R. L. (1999). Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruits.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
47(11), 4638-4644.

69 – Huang, A., Vita, J. A., Venema, R. C., & Keaney, J. F. (2000). Ascorbic acid enhances endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activity by increasing intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin. Journal of biological chemistry, 275(23), 17399-17406.

70 – Padayatty, S. J., Katz, A., Wang, Y., Eck, P., Kwon, O., Lee, J. H., … & Levine, M. (2003). Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 22(1), 18-35.

71 – Jakemanl, P., & Maxwell, S. (1993). Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on muscle function after eccentric exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 67(5), 426-430.

72 – Davies, K. J., Quintanilha, A. T., Brooks, G. A., & Packer, L. (1982). Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 107(4), 1198-1205.

73 – McCay, P. B. (1985). Vitamin E: interactions with free radicals and ascorbate.Annual review of nutrition, 5(1),
323-340.

74 – Stokes, K. A., Tyler, C., & Gilbert, K. L. (2008). The growth hormone response to repeated bouts of sprint exercise with and without suppression of lipolysis in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(3), 724-728.

75 – Plaisance, E. P., Mestek, M. L., Mahurin, A. J., Taylor, J. K., Moncada-Jimenez, J., & Grandjean, P. W. (2008). Postprandial triglyceride responses to aerobic exercise and extended-release niacin. The American journal
of clinical nutrition, 88(1), 30-37.

76 -Vega, G. L., Cater, N. B., Meguro, S., & Grundy, S. M. (2005). Influence of extended-release nicotinic acid on nonesterified fatty acid flux in the metabolic syndrome with atherogenic dyslipidemia. The American journal of
cardiology, 95(11), 1309-1313.

77 – Rando, R. R. (1990). The chemistry of vitamin A and vision. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 29(5), 461-480.

78 – Mellanby, E. (1947). Vitamin A and bone growth: the reversibility of vitamin A‐deficiency changes. The Journal of physiology, 105(4), 382-399.

79 – Stephensen, C. B. (2001). Vitamin A, infection, and immune function*. Annual review of nutrition, 21(1), 167-192.

80 – Batourina, E., Choi, C., Paragas, N., Bello, N., Hensle, T., Costantini, F. D., … & Mendelsohn, C. L. (2002). Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret. Nature genetics, 32(1), 109-115.

81 – Millman, P. L. (1989). U.S. Patent No. 4,871,550. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

82 – Blake, C. J. (2007). Analytical procedures for
water-soluble vitamins in foods and dietary supplements: a review. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,389(1), 63-76.

83 – Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. PDR for Nutritional Supplements.
Montvale: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2001

84 – d’Onofrio, G., Chirillo, R., Zini, G., Caenaro, G., Tommasi, M., & Micciulli, G. (1995). Simultaneous measurement of reticulocyte and red blood cell indices in healthy subjects and patients with microcytic and macrocytic anemia. Blood,85(3), 818-823.

85 – Fenech, M. (2001). The role of folic acid and vitamin
B12 in genomic stability of human cells. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 475(1), 57-67.

86 – Ubbink, J. B., Vermaak, W. J., van der Merwe, A., & Becker, P. J. (1993). Vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate nutritional status in men with hyperhomocysteinemia. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 57(1), 47-53.

87 – Manore, M. M. (2000). Effect of physical activity on
thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(2), 598s-606s.

88 – Manore, M. N., Leklem, J. E., & Walter, M. C.
(1987). Vitamin B-6 metabolism as affected by exercise in trained and untrained
women fed diets differing in carbohydrate and vitamin B-6 content. The American journal of clinical nutrition,46(6), 995-1004.

89 – Powers, H. J. (2003). Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 77(6),
1352-1360.

90 – Sugiyama, M. (1992). Role of physiological antioxidants
in chromium (VI)-induced cellular injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 12(5), 397-407.

91 – Belko, A. Z., Obarzanek, E., Roach, R., Rotter, M., Urban, G., Weinberg, S., & Roe, D. A. (1984). Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women. The
American journal of clinical nutrition, 40(3), 553-561.

92 – Webster, M. J., Scheett, T. P., Doyle, M. R., & Branz, M. (1997). The effect of a thiamin derivative on exercise performance. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 75(6), 520-524.

93 – Davis, R. E., & Icke, G. C. (1983). Clinical chemistry of thiamin. Advances in clinical chemistry, 23, 93.

94 – Knippel, M., Mauri, L., Belluschi, R., Bana, G., Galli, C., Pusterla, G. L., . & Troina, E. (1986). The action of thiamin on the production of lactic acid in cyclists. Med Sport, 39(1), 11.

95 – Choumenkovitch, S. F., Jacques, P. F., Nadeau, M. R., Wilson, P. W., Rosenberg, I. H., & Selhub, J. (2001). Folic acid fortification increases red blood cell folate concentrations in the Framingham study. The Journal of nutrition,131(12), 3277-3280.

96 – Stroes, E. S. G., Van Faassen, E. E., Yo, M., Martasek, P., Boer, P., Govers, R., & Rabelink, T. J. (2000). Folic acid reverts dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation research, 86(11), 1129-1134.

97 – Choumenkovitch, S. F., Jacques, P. F., Nadeau, M. R., Wilson, P. W., Rosenberg, I. H., & Selhub, J. (2001). Folic acid fortification increases red blood cell folate concentrations in the Framingham study. The Journal of nutrition,131(12), 3277-3280.

98 – Stroes, E. S. G., Van Faassen, E. E., Yo, M., Martasek, P., Boer, P., Govers, R., & Rabelink, T. J. (2000). Folic acid reverts dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation research, 86(11), 1129-1134.

99 – Harada, S. I., & Rodan, G. A. (2003). Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bone mass. Nature, 423(6937), 349-355.

100- Bogdanova, A., Makhro, A., Wang, J., Lipp, P., & Kaestner, L. (2013). Calcium in Red Blood Cells—A Perilous Balance. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(5), 9848-9872.

101 – Dhalla, N. S., Pierce, G. N., Panagia, V., Singal, P. K., & Beamish, R. E. (1982). Calcium movements in relation to heart function. Basic research in cardiology, 77(2), 117-139.

102 – Hawgood, S., Benson, B. J., & Hamilton Jr, R. L. (1985). Effects of a surfactant-associated protein and calcium ions on the structure and surface activity of lung surfactant lipids. Biochemistry, 24(1), 184-190.

103 – Berchtold, M. W., Brinkmeier, H., & Müntener, M. (2000). Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease.Physiological reviews, 80(3), 1215-1265.

104 – Shanahan, C. M., Crouthamel, M. H., Kapustin, A., & Giachelli, C. M. (2011). Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circulation research, 109(6), 697-711.

105 – Spencer, R., Charman, M., Wilson, P., & Lawson, E. (1976). Vitamin D-stimulated intestinal calcium absorption may not involve calcium-binding protein directly.

106 – Sugino, T., Aoyagi, S., Shirai, T., Kajimoto, Y., & Kajimoto, O. (2007). Effects of citric acid and L-carnitine on physical fatigue. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition, 41(3), 224.

107 – Baldwin, J. E., & Krebs, H. (1981). The evolution of metabolic cycles.

108 – Rando, R. R. (1990). The chemistry of vitamin A and vision. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 29(5), 461-480.

109 – Mellanby, E. (1947). Vitamin A and bone growth: the reversibility of vitamin A‐deficiency changes. The Journal of physiology, 105(4), 382-399.

110 – Stephensen, C. B. (2001). Vitamin A, infection, and immune function*. Annual review of nutrition, 21(1), 167-192.

111 – Batourina, E., Choi, C., Paragas, N., Bello, N., Hensle, T., Costantini, F. D., … & Mendelsohn, C. L. (2002). Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret. Nature genetics, 32(1), 109-115.

112 – Olson, J. A. (1989). Provitamin A function of carotenoids: the conversion of beta-carotene into vitamin A. The Journal of nutrition, 119(1), 105-108.